
Culture and Child Development Lab
Culture and Child Development Lab
East China Normal University
East China Normal University
Welcome to the Culture and Child Development Lab @ ECNU!
Here, we are studying how children across cultures reason about and learn from the social world. Our current work focuses on these questions:
1) How do children reason about their own and others' choices and constraints?
2) How do children understand others' socially mindful actions?
3) How do children reason about academic achievements?
Research
Here are some projects we are working on!

Children's Views about Choice
To successfully navigate the world, we must identify the choices we can make as well as the constraints on our choices. Our views about choice can be influenced by multiple factors, some of which originate from the external world (e.g., physical laws, socio-moral norms) and some of which originate from the internal world (e.g., desires, goals, motivations etc). We study how views about choice develop throughout childhood and across cultures, as well as their implications on children’s own choosing behaviors.

Children's Social Mindfulness
Living in a highly interdependent world, what we do by ourselves can often have an impact on others even if we don’t directly interact with others. For instance, taking away the last chocolate mousse from the dessert plate can leave the next person only fruit tarts to choose from. Do children evaluate people’s self-oriented actions based on the potential impact on others? Are children themselves considerate of others when performing their own actions?

Children's Reasoning about Achievement
When we think about achievement, we often ask not only what someone has accomplished but also how they accomplished it. Did success come easily through natural talent and abundant resources, or was it the result of persistent effort in the face of constraints such as limited ability or social disadvantage? How do children reason about and evaluate achievement may have important consequences for how they respond to challenges and constraints. We study children’s reasoning about achievement, focusing on how they understand the roles of talent, effort, and resources, and how these beliefs shape their persistence and willingness to take on challenges.
The Team

Xin (Alice) Zhao, Ph.D.
CCD Lab Principal Investigator
Dr. Xin (Alice) Zhao is an Associate Professor in Department of Educational Psychology at East China Normal University . She is broadly interested in how children across cultures reason about and learn from the social world. Specifically, her current research centers around children's developing understanding of choice and constraints across cultures, as well as its implications on children's behavioral regulation and social evaluations. She received her B.S. from Tsinghua University in 2014 and then her PhD from Cornell University in 2019.
Email: xzhao@dep.ecnu.edu.cn
Graduate Students

Wenzhuo Zhang
Lab Manager
Wenzhuo Zhang earned her bachelor's degree in Special Education (psychology track) from East China Normal University and is currently a second-year master student in the Department of Educational Psychology. Her research interests focus on children’s achievement-related cognition and its impact on academic performance, while also examining how factors such as culture, family, and teachers shape children’s developmental processes. She hopes to help children gain a better understanding of themselves, enabling them to build confidence and find joy in both learning and daily life.
Email: zhangzhuo080@gmail.com

Yongyin Wu
Yongyin Wu is a currently a second-year master student at the Department of Educational Psychology, East China Normal University. Her research focuses on children's moral cognitive development and their perceptions of success and failure. She believes that children live by their own set of rules, and she finds it truly fascinating to capture the world from a child’s perspective.
Email: wuyongyin711@gmail.com

Ami
Ami is a currently a second-year master student at the Department of Educational Psychology, East China Normal University. She is interested in how children understand play and learning, and hopes that all children can learn joyfully, play happily, and enjoy a healthy and happy childhood.
Email: 20151022am@gmail.com

Baoqi Guo
Baoqi Guo is currently a first-year master student in Educational Psychology at East China Normal University. She received her bachelor's degree in Preschool Education from East China Normal University. Her research interests focus on children's socio-emotional development and the role of artificial intelligence in children's cognitive and social learning. She hopes to contribute to research that supports children's healthy development in the digital age.
Email: jennyguo0404@gmail.com

Ziye Zhu
Ziye Zhu is a currently a first-year master student majoring in Educational Psychology at ECNU. Her research interests focus on children's understanding and choices regarding effort and persistence, particularly how these develop through social interactions. She hopes to help children to discover their passions and find joy in them.
Email: mockerpocket11@outlook.com

Haoyu Tsai
Haoyu Tsai is currently a first-year master student in the Department of Educational Psychology at East China Normal University. He is interested in children's understanding of effortful behavior in different situations. In his spare time, he enjoys playing football.
Email: 51284118001@stu.ecnu.edu.cn

Zihong Wang
Zihong Wang is an undergraduate student in Preschool Education at East China Normal University. She is especially interested in how children develop socio-emotional competence and how they come to understand success and failure. For now, she is exploring research in these areas—hoping to better see the world through children’s eyes: curious, playful, and wonderfully unbounded.
Email: 10224500037@stu.ecnu.edu.cn
Research Assistants

Liu Yijing
Liu Yijing is an undergraduate student at East China Normal University, majoring in both psychology and computer science. She is interested in children's prosocial behaviors, their cognition of effort and achievement, and enjoys learning cutting-edge data analysis methods (such as computational modeling), hoping to use them to better answer research questions and understand how children grow and adapt to society.
Lab Alumni

Dandan Li
Dandan Li is currently a Ph.D. student in University of Exeter. She is interested in the social cognitive development of children. She thinks that adults tend to view children and their behaviors from an adult perspective, and hopes that she can better understand children through studying educational psychology.

Ying Hu
Ying Hu is currently a Ph.D. student in the Department of Psychology and Neuroscience at Duke University. Her research focuses on children’s beliefs about achievement and effort, and how these beliefs shape their motivation and behavior in challenging situations. She is also interested in how environmental factors, such as social messages and culture, influence these beliefs and behaviors. Through this work, she hopes to identify ways to better support children in adapting to and thriving in a challenging world.

Zijia Li
Zijia Li is currently a PhD student at the Faculty of Education, University of Cambridge. Zijia has a deep passion for children’s development in the early years and is curious about how they navigate the social world through play. Her PhD project explores how pretend play affords young children’s counterfactual reasoning and imagination about possibilities, and how parents may support the development of these skills.

Lu Zang
Lu Zang is currently a PhD student at Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences at UCSB.

Jiajie Chen
Jiajie Chen is currently a PhD student in psychology at the University of Chicago. His research focuses on narrative interpretation and social cognition, and he is very interested in how children and adolescents develop social cognition and how they construct and adapt to real-world social networks.

Yuhang Shu
Yuhang Shu is currently a PhD student in the Department of Psychology at University of Virginia.

Xingyue Han
Xingyue Han is currently a PhD student at the Department of Cognitive Sciences, Central European University. Her research is centered around the question “what is considered fairness”. Currently, she conducts research on how people evaluate contribution in cooperation, from both cognitive and developmental perspectives. She loves hiking and occasionally partcipates in marathons.

Wenhui Wang
Wenhui Wang is currently a master's student in Leipzig university, doing the master program "Child development and intervention". She is keen on child developmental psychology and wants to improve the way how parents and children get along to make children live healthier.

Xinyue Liu
Xinyue Liu is an undergraduate in School of Psychology and Cognitive Science at East China Normal University. She is interested in the influence of parenting style on the formation of children’s personality and the negative impact from childhood trauma on children’s communication patterns. She wants to improve the upbringing of common families through studies to make children live a healthier life. In her spare time, she likes watching movies and listening to music.

Sixian Li
Sixian Li is a master student at the School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University. She is interested in understanding how children make sense of the world and how they gradually develop their social skills through interactions with others.

Yichu Li
Yichu Li is an undergraduate of Psychology at East China Normal University. She wants to know the influence of family environment and parental education on children's personality building and social ability, as well as the influence of childhood trauma on children's postnatal development. She likes reading and writing in her spare time.

Wenqing Wu
Wenqing Wu is a master student in Mental Health Education at Beijing Normal University. During her undergraduate studies, she was interested in children’s prosocial behavior; in graduate school, she expanded this line of research to adolescence and became interested in how psychological education can be applied with flexibility and inclusiveness in practice. In her free time, she enjoys reading, films, and music.

Xiaoman Yu
Xiaoman Yu is a master student majoring in Industrial and organizational psychology at East China Normal University. Her current academic work centers around effective, healthy and sustainable career development with main attention to occupational interests, work recovery (e.g., cyberloafing) and passion. She is motivated to develop phenomenon-driven research questions and critique to the orgnizational literature.

Wenyu Zhang
Wenyu Zhang is currently a master student at the School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University. His current research focuses on investigating the cognitive and neural mechanisms of creative thinking using cognitive-behavioral methods and multimodal neuroimaging techniques, with a particular emphasis on malevolent creativity. In addition, he is interested in the relationships among children’s personality, developmental environment, and future development. He hopes to better understand children’s inner worlds and help them grow up in a healthy and happy way through research.
Senyu Chen
Chen Senyu is currently a Ph.D. student in Manchester University.

Xinyi Chang
Xinyi Chang is a master student at the Shanghai Mental Health Centre. She is interested in how parental rearing patterns and the mode of school education affect children’s growth. She hopes to improve the educational methods in schools and families through the studies to help children live healthy and happy.

Qinyuan Zhang
Qinyuan Zhang is a master student majoring in developmental psychology program at Columbia University. She is interested in psychology and education and wants to explore the application of educational psychology during children's growth. She hopes that she can help children by using her knowledge and research conducted in the lab. In the future, she will devote herslef to resarch on children's social cognition.

Yuhan Wang
Yuhan Wang is currently a Ph.D. student in University of Wisconsin–Madison.

Song Boyi
Song Boyi is currently a master student in clinical and counseling at ECNU. He loves kids and is fascinated by child development. After graduation, he hopes to use what he's learned to help children in need.

Hanbing Yuan
Hanbing Yuan is currently a postgraduate student at University College London. She is interested in children’s mental health and prosocial behaviour.

Yuqian Su
Yuqian Su is currently a master student of the University of Hong Kong.

Qi Wei
Qi Wei is currently an undergraduate majoring in psychology at Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai. She is interested in child development and hopes to become an educator. In her spare time, she likes to watch movies.
Publications
Journal Publications
- Li, D., Zang, L., & Zhao, X. (2026). Satisfying personal preference or being considerate? The protagonist's preference matters in children's evaluation of social mindfulness. British Journal of Developmental Psychology.
- Hu, Y., Shu, Y., & Zhao, X. (2026). Children consider changes in performance over time when reasoning about academic achievements. npj Science of Learning.
- Zhao, X., & Hu, Y. (2026). The belief-behavior link: The relationship between children’s beliefs about constraints on academic achievement and their persistence and challenge-seeking behaviors. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 264, 106431.
- Zhu, T., Chang, X., Zhao, X., & Scott, R. M. (2025). Essentialist Beliefs About Status-Related Social Categories in China. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 00220221251319508.
- Yu, X., Hu, Y., & Zhao, X. (2025). Do Bad People Deserve Prosociality? Pre-Schoolers’ Selective Evaluation of Social Mindfulness Based on the Beneficiary’s Moral Character. Journal of Cognition and Development, 1-14.
- Hok, H., Gerdin, E., Zhao, X., & Shaw, A. (2025). When should the majority rule?: Children's developing intuitions about majority rules voting. Cognition, 260, 106128.
- Wang, Y., & Zhao, X. (2024). Children’s consideration of motivation in evaluations of socially (un) mindful actions. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 245, 105960.
- Flanagan, T., Zhao, X., Xu, F., & Kushnir, T. (2024). Is it personal or is it social? The interaction of knowledge domain and statistical evidence in US and Chinese preschoolers’ social generalizations. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General.
- Guo, R., Li, D., & Zhao, X. (2024). Children consider “who” and “what” when reasoning about rule changes: A comparative study of children from two cultures. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 01650254241246238.
- Li, S., & Zhao, X. (2024). Choosing Among Undesirable Options: Children Consider Desirability of Available Choices in Evaluation of Socially Mindful Actions. Cognitive Science, 48(4), e13441.
- Wu, W., Zhang, Q., & Zhao, X. (2023). Who makes the choice? The influence of choice on preschoolers’ sharing behaviors and feelings. Acta Psychologica Sinica
- Yang, X., Zhao, X., Dunham, Y., & Bian, L. (2023). The development and predictors of a preference for strivers over naturals in the United States and China. Child Development
- Zang, L., Li, D., & Zhao, X. (2023). Preference matters: Knowledge of beneficiary’s preference influences children’s evaluations of the act of leaving a choice for others. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 228, 105605.
- Zhao, X., & Yang, X. (2022). She succeeded despite lack of ability or resources: Children’s consideration of constraint in beliefs and reasoning about academic achievement. Developmental Psychology
- Zhao, X., Li, D., & Yang, X. (2022). The relationship between preschoolers' understanding of considerate socially-mindful actions and theory of mind. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 54(8), 892.
- Zhao, X. & Kushnir, T. (2022). When it's not easy to do the right thing: Developmental changes in understanding cost drive evaluations of moral praiseworthiness. Developmental Science e13257.
- Zhao, X., Wente, A., Fernandez-Flecha, M., Segvia Galvan, D., Gopnik, A. & Kushnir, T. (2021). Culture Moderates the Relationship Between Self-Control Ability and Free Will Beliefs in Childhood. Cognition
- Zhao, X., Zhao, X., Gweon, H., & Kushnir, T. (2021). Leaving a Choice for Others: Children’s evaluations of considerate, socially-mindful actions. Child Development
- Wente, A., Zhao, X., Gopnik, A. Kang, C., & Kushnir, T. (2020). The Developmental and Cultural Origins of Our Beliefs About Self-Control. In Mele, A. (Ed) Philosophy and Science of Self Control.
- Zhao, X.& Kushnir, T. (2019). How U.S. and Chinese children talk about moral, conventional and personal choices. Cognitive Development.
- Zhao, X.& Kushnir, T. (2017). Young children consider individual authority and collective agreement when deciding who can change rules. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology.
- Zhao, X. & Kushnir, T. (2019) She helped even though she wanted to play: Children consider psychological costs in social evaluations. Proceedings of the 41st annual meeting of the Cognitive Science Society.
- Zhao, X.& Kushnir, T. (2016). Children’s Awareness of Authority to Change Rules in Various Social Contexts. Proceedings of the 38th annual meeting of the Cognitive Science Society.
- Wente, A. O., Bridgers, S., Zhao, X., Seiver, E., Zhu, L., & Gopnik, A. (2016). How Universal Are Free Will Beliefs? Cultural Differences in Chinese and US 4‐and 6‐Year‐Olds. Child Development, 87, 666-676.
- Wang, H., Sun, P., Ip, C., Zhao, X.,& Fu, S. (2015). Configural and featural face processing are differently modulated by attentional resources at early stages: An event-related potential study with rapid serial visual presentation. Brain research, 1602, 75-84.
- Zhao, X., Yuan, J., Xu, Y., Fu, S. (2014). What is the “object”? An introduction of mechanisms and influence factors of Object-Based Attention. Advances in Psychological Science
Chaired Symposium
- Following Authorities, Goals, or Groups? New Perspectives on Children’s Normative Reasoning and Behavior. Society for Research in Child Development 2017 Biennial Meeting (SRCD 2017)
- Keeping others in mind: New evidence for selective and effective prosociality in toddlers and young children. Society for Research in Child Development 2019 Biennial Meeting (SRCD 2019)
Conference Presentations
- Hu, Y., Zhang, W., & Zhao, X. (2025). Why Did They Fail? Children's Understanding of Failures of Individuals from Different Socio-Economic Backgrounds. Individual Talk, Society for Research in Child Development 2025 Biennial Meeting (SRCD 2025)
- Su, Y., Hu, Y., & Zhao, X. (2025). Leveraging Strengths or Addressing Weaknesses? Children's Reasoning About Effort Allocation in Academic Context. Poster Presentation, Society for Research in Child Development 2025 Biennial Meeting (SRCD 2025)
- Hu, Y., & Zhao, X. (2025). Good Outcome or Enjoyable Process? Children's Understanding of the Value of Effort and its Impact on Persistence. Poster Presentation, Society for Research in Child Development 2025 Biennial Meeting (SRCD 2025)
- Zhang, W., Hu, Y., & Zhao, X. (2025). Smart or Hardworking? Children's Explanation and Preference of Publicizing Smartness or Effort. Poster Presentation, Society for Research in Child Development 2025 Biennial Meeting (SRCD 2025)
- Li, D., McGuire, L., Zhao, X., & Rutland, A. (2025). Children Consider Group Membership When Behaving with Social Mindfulness. Poster Presentation, Society for Research in Child Development 2025 Biennial Meeting (SRCD 2025)
- Zhao, X., Wang, W., Liu, X., & Yang, X. (2025). Being Unsatisfied is Worse than Being Poor: Children's Evaluations of Material vs. Psychological Wealth. Poster Presentation, Society for Research in Child Development 2025 Biennial Meeting (SRCD 2025)
- Zhao, X., Wu, W., & Zhang, W. (2024). Who Makes the Choice? The Influence of Choice Freedom on Children’s Prosocial Behavior. Poster Presentation, 27th Biennial Meeting of the International Society for the Study of Behavioural Development (ISSBD 2024)
- Zhao, X., & Li, Z, Shu, Y., & Yang, T. (2024). The development of socially mindful behaviors in early childhood and adolescence. Poster Presentation, 27th Biennial Meeting of the International Society for the Study of Behavioural Development (ISSBD 2024)
- Hu, Y., & Zhao, X. (2024) Children’s reasoning about overcoming constraints in academic achievement and their relationship to persistence and challenge-seeking. Poster Presentation, 27th Biennial Meeting of the International Society for the Study of Behavioural Development (ISSBD 2024)
- Hu, Y., Shu, Y., & Zhao, X. Children consider changes in performance over time when reasoning about academic achievements. Poster Presentation, Cognitive Development Society 2024 Biennial Meeting (CDS 2024)
- Su, Y., Hu, Y., & Zhao, X. Process or outcome? Children’s understanding of the value of effort. Poster Presentation, Cognitive Development Society 2024 Biennial Meeting (CDS 2024)
- Zhao, X., & Li, Z. The development of socially mindful behaviors in early childhood. Individual Talk, Cognitive Development Society 2024 Biennial Meeting (CDS 2024)
- Zhao, X., & Li, D. The Relationship Between Preschoolers’ Understanding of Considerate Socially-mindful Actions and Theory of Mind. Individual Talk, Society for Research in Child Development 2023 Biennial Meeting (SRCD 2023)
- Zhu, T., Chang, X., Zhao, X., & Scott, R.M. Essentialist beliefs about SES and residency in Chinese young adults. Poster Presentation, Society for Research in Child Development 2023 Biennial Meeting (SRCD 2023)
- Zhang, Q., Wu, W., & Zhao, X. Who Makes the Choice? The Influence of Choice Freedom on Children’s Prosocial Behavior. Poster Presentation, Society for Research in Child Development 2023 Biennial Meeting (SRCD 2023)
- Hu, Y., She, Y., & Zhao, X. Children consider changes in performance over time when reasoning about academic achievements. Poster Presentation, Society for Research in Child Development 2023 Biennial Meeting (SRCD 2023)
- Li, D., Zang, L., & Zhao, X. Children Consider the Beneficiary’s Preference in Evaluations of Socially Mindful Actions. Poster Presentation, Society for Research in Child Development 2023 Biennial Meeting (SRCD 2023).
- Wang, Y., & Zhao, X. Children Consider Prosocial and Reputational Motivations in Evaluations of Socially Mindful Actions. Poster Presentation, Society for Research in Child Development 2023 Biennial Meeting (SRCD 2023)
- Zhao, X. Children’s Beliefs and Evaluations About Overcoming Constraints in Academic Achievement and their Relationship to Persistence. Individual Talk, Society for Research in Child Development 2023 Biennial Meeting (SRCD 2023)
- Zhao, X., Yang, X., & Yuhang Shu. Children Consider Constraints and performance over time in Intuitive Theories of Achievement, Individual Talk, Society for Research in Child Development 2021 Biennial Meeting (SRCD 2021)
- Zhao, X. & Yang, X. Children’s Understanding of Rule Creation and its Relation to Daily Social Behaviors, Poster Presentation, Society for Research in Child Development 2021 Biennial Meeting (SRCD 2021)
- Zhao, X.,& Kushnir, T. She Helped Even Though She Wanted to Play: Children Consider Psychological Cost in Social Evaluations. Poster Presentation, Society for Research in Child Development 2019 Biennial Meeting (SRCD 2019)
- Zhao, X., Zhao, X., Gweon, H., & Kushnir, T. Leaving Choice for Others: Children’s Evaluation of Considerate Actions. Individual Talk, Society for Philosophy and Psychology (SPP 2018)
- Zhao, X., Gweon, H., & Kushnir, T. Leaving Choice for Others: Children’s Understanding of Social Mindfulness. Poster Presentation, 2017 Bienniel Meetings of Cognitive Development Society (CDS 2017)
- Zhao, X., Shtulman, A., & Kushnir, T. Differentiating Immoral Actions from Impossible Actions: Children’s Beliefs about Choosing to Perform Deviant Actions. Poster Presentation, 2017 Bienniel Meetings of Cognitive Development Society (CDS 2017)
- Zhao, X., Kang, C., Wente, A.O., Gopnik, A., Zhu,L., & Kushnir, T. The Relationship Between Inhibitory Control and Free Will Beliefs in 4-to 8-year-olds across Three Cultures. Individual talk, Society for Philosophy and Psyhology (SPP 2017)
- Zhao, X., Kushnir, T. How U.S. and Chinese children talk about moral, conventional and personal choice. Poster presentation, The 23rd Congress of the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology 2016
- Zhao, X., Kushnir, T. Children’s awareness of authority to change rules in various social contexts. Poster presentation, 2016 meeting of the Society for Philosophy and Psychology (SPP)
- Zhao, X., Kushnir, T. Children’s awareness of authority to change rules in various social contexts. Individual talk, 2016 Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (CogSci 2016)
- Self-Control and Conceptions of Free Will, Desire and Normative Constraint: A Cross-Cultural Developmental Investigation. 2015 Philosophy and Science of Self-Control Conference (PSSC 2015)
- Zhao, X., Kushnir, T. How children and parents talk about moral, conventional and personal choice. Poster presentation, Ninth Biennial Meeting of the Cognitive Development Society (CDS 2015)
- Wente, A. O., Bridgers, S., Zhao, X., Li, J., Lin, Z., Seiver, E., Zhu, L., Gopnik, A. Physical causal reasoning in Chinese and American 4-and 6-year-olds, Society for Research in Child Development 2015 Biennial Meeting (SRCD 2015)
- Wente, A. O., Bridgers, S., Zhao, X., Gopnik, A., Zhu, L., Seiver, E. Cultural variability in young children’s folk intuitions about free will. Poster presentation, 2014 Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (CogSci 2014)
- Wente, A. O., Bridgers, S., Zhao, X., Gopnik, A., Zhu, L., Seiver, E. Do you have to eat the cookie or could you choose not to? The development of U.S. and Chinese children’s beliefs about free will. Poster presentation, Eighth Biennial Meeting of the Cognitive Development Society (CDS 2013)
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